A study by Durham University, UK, in collaboration with the RSPB, investigated how human activities such as agriculture, deforestation, and the drainage of wetlands have shaped where bird species are found in Great Britain today.
Data was used on the geographical distributions of bird species alongside simulation models to predict where bird species would exist today if the effects of human activities on the landscape were removed.
In this scenario there were winners and losers among different bird species due to the impact of humans.
Bird species
The study found that 42 per cent of the 183 breeding bird species considered were more widely distributed today than they would be in a human-free world, particularly birds associated with farmland habitats.
Conversely, 28 per cent of species, particularly moorland and upland bird species, were much rarer today than they would be if they were not impacted by human activities.
The study, published in Ecological Indicators, suggests that farmland bird species, such as turtle dove and grey partridge, would be less widespread without the open habitats created by agriculture while moorland species, such as golden eagle and greenshank, have probably been negatively affected by the long-term, extractive human use of moorlands by grazing, burning, hunting and forestry.
Golden eagle at nest © Chris Gomersall (rspb-images.com)
The study also found that species found in dense woodlands, such as goshawk and capercaillie, would be much more widespread in a ‘human-free’ Great Britain, which would be much more forested than the present day.
Potential species
The study also identified ten species that are not currently found in Great Britain, but which might have established themselves in the country in the absence of past human activities.
For example, the researchers say that the Kentish plover, which has not bred in Great Britain since the middle of the 20th century, was projected to be found across south-east England in the absence of damaging human activity.
Similarly, the white-tailed eagle, which currently has a small presence, and the black-winged stilt, which is a very rare breeder in Great Britain, would also be expected to be much more widespread than they are now.
This approach could be used to identify areas that are climatically suitable, but where habitat may have been degraded by human activities.
Conservation impact
Conservation managers often use target population sizes, based on past distributions, to guide species’ recovery programmes. The impact of conservation activities can then be assessed by comparing current numbers to historical numbers of bird species.
This study argues that the approach, which instead uses simulated potential range-sizes as baselines, could complement indicators of short-term extinction risk such as the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
These results could lead to reassessments of current conservation priorities. 21 species were identified which were not classified as threatened by the IUCN Red List for Great Britain but which had much smaller current distributions than was predicted to have in the absence of human activities.
This suggests that their ranges are in a more degraded state than currently recognised. Some of these species, such as greenshank, golden eagle and whinchat, are not under active conservation management and could be candidates for higher prioritisation.
Considering only recent changes in species’ state can lead to a phenomenon known as “shifting baseline syndrome”, where people set their expectations based on experiences in their lifetime.
Greenshank are one of the species which could benefit from better conservation management © Andy Hay (rspb-images.com)
This can underestimate the plight of species that have declined due to human activities a long time ago. Previous studies have tried to combat this by using historical baselines from past centuries, however historic species’ records tend to be sparse and are difficult to apply across different species.
Favourable Conservation Status
The RSPB plans to use this new research as one of a number of measures of how ‘favourable’ breeding bird populations are in Great Britain as it provides an objective measure against which to assess species' ranges or distributions.
This is important as it helps us quantify Favourable Conservation Status and standardise methodology for its assessment. Favourable Conservation Status is an important political standard set for the conservation of migratory species under the Bonn Convention, and for habitats and species protected by EU Nature Directives.
This work could help to target where habitat and species restoration actions might lead to the return of historically lost species, or even to novel colonists.
Paper: Using indices of species’ potential range to inform conservation status
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